Friday 14 February 2014

Friendship in Classical Chinese Poetry from Hunger Mountain by David Hinton

Friendship is a perennial preoccupation in Classical Chinese poetry. Many aspects of what friendship meant to the ancients are familiar – shared histories or experiences, common interests or ideas or beliefs – but they knew another dimension of friendship that is less familiar. It’s a dimension deeper than words, deeper even than identities we think of as the subjects of friendship, and it explains how friendship could infuse this experience of being utterly alone here on Hunger Mountain watching the moon rise. It also explains why friendship was so compelling for China’s ancient intellectuals. In fact, it gives Tu Fu’s poem its form, though the poem doesn’t mention friendship or even people who might be friends. Like any other aspect of ancient China’s human culture, this dimension of friendship was shaped by the cultures deep conceptual framework – most notably its language and cosmology.

…(a bit about Chinese language and etymology, Taoism and Cha’an / Zen)…

And this is indeed a profoundly lonely Cosmos. In it, the loneliness of this mountaintop moonrise takes on depths beyond the usual sense of a self isolated from others, for I am most essentially an emptiness that is separate from all that I typically think of as my identity. It is loneliness in this sense that makes friendship so powerful for the ancients; but at the same time, that emptiness opens a new possibility for friendship. As Absence, empty mind attends to the ten thousand things with mirrorlike clarity, making the act of perception a spiritual act: empty mind mirroring the world, leaving its ten thousand things utterly simple, utterly themselves, and utterly sufficient. In that perceptual act, identity becomes whatever sight fills the eye and mind, that mirrored opening of consciousness. This may sound like mysticism, but it seems much closer to observational science. In any case, it was common for friends to sip wine together and watch the moon rise, for example, or mountain peaks among clouds or plum blossoms in evening light. In this, they were doing nothing less than sharing identity.

…Most would call it coincidence rather than an act of friendship, but if you are awake and watching this early moonrise , you share my mind at a deeper level than the stories we tell about ourselves, stories that define who we are: our personal thoughts and histories, the cultural histories and mythologies and metaphysics that shape ethnic and religious and political identities, or even this story I am telling here. I share Tu Fu’s mind the same way, however long ago and far away it was that he gazed at this moon. And I share it in his poem, too, when [ancient chinese pictogram for moon] rises into empty space.


… And by the time that Tu Fu wrote his poem, the graph had become, quite simply, a pair of moons. At its deepest level, any poetic utterance may grow out of a desire to overcome loneliness, to share experience; but when Tu Fu speaks in a poem like ‘Moonrise,’ he shares an identity at the most elemental level. Because empty mind is nothing other than Absence, its loneliness is the elemental loneliness of the Cosmos itself, which suggest a variation on the graphic meaning of (symbol for Ch’an, which is the Chinese version of Zen): “The Cosmos alone simple and exhaustively with itself”. This friendship of you and mean and Tu Fu sharing the moon – its more than lonely people sharing an experience, or even an identity. It is a matter empirical fact the Cosmos is keeping itself company, sharing crescent moon with itself, and empty mountains, and the Star River (Chinese term for Milky Way) stretched silver and changeless across them.

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